Proposal on efficiency by design Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal on efficiency by design - Lab Report Example Many people believe that termites are just a liability in terms of destroying structures but East gate Building, an office complex in Harare, Zimbabwe, in Africa has a different story. The air conditioning systems in this gate are designed on self-cooling mounds of Macrotermes michaelseni. The termites maintain their inner nest temperature to within one degree, day and night as the temperatures outside moves from 42 Â °C to 3 Â °C (Downton, 407). Through this, there is considerable energy saving and this case presents a good example of bio mimicry and its application. This concept can be applied in many other such structures with the aim of harnessing the activities of the termites to release energy for use in architectural concepts (Florax, et al, 63). Florax, R J. G. M, Groot H. L. F. De, and Peter Mulder. Improving Energy Efficiency Through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub, 2011. Internet

Political Oppositions Abortions Essay Example for Free

Political Oppositions Abortions Essay Old Righteous with its   â€Å" Solid as a rock† slogan is the political party for you. Not only do we stand behind every word we say our backing comes from a long line of leaders that also support our beliefs. We have been around for fifty years and counting. Old Righteous believes that if something is not broken then don’t fix it. We apply this method with every aspect of our campaign. One of the major topics of discussion that recently came to our attention is the opportunity for women to abort pregnancies. Pregnancy is a choice that we believe is made before the conception of the child. During planned pregnancies women and men know that there is a baby about to be born. When a pregnancy is not planned they are other options to prevent it from happening. As one of the more proven methods of birth control, abstinence has always proven to be affective. Although it may be one of the hardest for some couples we stand behind it 100%. Also unmarried couple should thoroughly discuss what they’re plans are if they intend to have intercourse and get pregnant. These topics will enlighten the mind of the younger generation. It will also make them think twice about just making bad decision they will have to pay for later. We consider an unborn fetus to be a child in the most precious developing stages of his or her life. Because he or she is not able to defend him or she in this battle means that there should be more traditional beliefs standing behind them to prevent it from ever occurring. Abortion is some that should not be a resort. Many agencies offer adoption and transfer of custody to family and friends. These children deserve life. It was destined for them to be born or they would have never been made. No one should have the choice to terminate the existences of another human being beginning. Campaign Names:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today’s Woman Slogan:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pro Choice is the only Choice; life is only life is planned Party’s Platform: Today’s Woman is the debating campaign that believes â€Å" pro choice is the only choice; life is only life if it is planned† Today’s Woman believes that many people make mistakes and should not be punished for them. Having a child is a life long decision and some of people are just not ready for that. Considering the amount of hungry starving children and the homeless population in society today; keeping you right to abortion could prove beneficial. Knowing when you can and cannot handle a situation is a big decision. Doing something about it makes you an adult. Many people get pregnant for the wrong reasons and should not have to pay for it the rest of their life. Their children will suffer from some type of mental anguish feeling their parent’s regret. Parents tend to not be married or split up for various reasons. Also, many children end up living in a single parent household due to unforeseen circumstances. Others are just left to fend of themselves in the streets because of parent on drugs and poor living conditions. Child welfare seldom steps in to monitor many homes because the cases of neglect are never reported. This cause many other larger problems for the social economy. Today’s Woman feels that no society should have to reproduce in or to satisfy someone else’s moral decisions. To each his or her owns is the method we believe. Some things work for a lot of people but nothing works for us all. Women should be allowed to do what works best for them. They should make intelligent decision based on their personal needs and lifestyle. If they make a mistake and get pregnant through some type of unfortunate circumstances they should be allowed to terminate the pregnancy without regret. Reference: (2006). Life/Pro-Choice Debate. Accessed 5/3/2006. New York. Times Company. Website: http://atheism.about.com/od/booksabortion/ William A. Gamson. And Larry G. Peppers (2000). Simulated Society. (5th ed) Creating a Better Society (pp. 104) NewYork, NY. Free Press Nick Farrell (2006).   Amazon is anti-abortion. Accessed 5/4/2006. The Inquirer. Website: http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=30429

Tomas Aleas The Last Supper Essay -- Last Supper Alea Movies Film Sla

Tomas Alea's The Last Supper [1] Before I start this essay, I feel the need to remind the reader that I find slavery in all its forms to be an oppressive and terrible institution, and I firmly believe that for centuries (including this one) bigotry is one of the most terrible stains on our civilization. The views I intend to express in the following essay are in no way meant to condone the practices of slavery or racism; they are meant only to evaluate and interpret the construction of slavery in film. [2] For films concerning slavery, the role of the filmmaker as educator is substantially heightened. All too often slavery films categorically vilify whites as oppressive forces, polarizing race and stereotyping the white class as uniformly tyrannical. The sympathetic but relatively powerless white in this system is frequently left out, condoning a stance that separates race as a division between villains and martyrs. While I see an effort in Tomas Gutierrez Alea’s The Last Supper to move beyond these representations, how successful the film is as a transcendence above the typically extreme constructions of character in the slave film is a difficult assessment, particularly for a film from a Cuban director during the Cold War. [3] For John Mraz, the representation of history in Tomas Alea’s The Last Supper is commendable work. Mraz claims that the film joins a cinematic collection where â€Å"films meet many of our expectations about what history ought to be† (120). Mraz continues his praise of Alea’s historical constructions, asserting that the way the film addresses history is impartial and objective: â€Å"The Last Supper follows the classic model of both written and filmed history in insisting on the reality o... ... fear. Once realized, those in power become all the more determined to maintain power through the brutality those revolts are meant to eliminate. The results are seldom glorious; instead, they are usually tragic. We must remember that the end of slave societies usually resulted from economic or political pressure put on political leaders by free men in the system, not those meant to be under it. Works Cited Fraginals, Manuel Moreno. The Sugarmill: The Socioeconomic Complex of Sugar in Cuba, 1760-1860. New York: Monthly Review, 1976. Knight, Franklin W. Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1970 Mraz, John. Recasting Cuban Slavery: The Other Francisco and The Last Supper.† Based on a True Story: Latin American History at the Movies. Ed. Donald R. Stevens. Wilmington: S.R. Books, 1997. 106-22.

William Blake :: essays research papers

To some people William Blake is just an ordinary man. To others, Blake is an English poet, painter, and engraver. Blake was born on November 28, 1757, in London, where he spent most of his life. He was the third of five children in his family. Blake's family was Nonconformists Protestant dissenters from the Church of England. They had Blake christened on December 11 at St. James's Church in Piccadilly. Blake's mother educated him in mere reading and writing, and he worked in a shop until the age of 14. His family ran this shop, and later his brother and he acquired the store through inheritance. Despite those misgivings, he taught himself Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, and Italian. His English was to be often strikingly original through other people's eyes. In 1767, he wanted to become an artist at the young age of 10. In pursuit of this dream, he attended the Henry Pars Engraving School in the Strand. By 1772, he was an apprentice to an engraver, James Basire, who taught him the secr ets of the trade very well. Basire sent him to make drawings of the sculptures in Westminster Abbey, which sparked his interest in Gothic art. Blake's father was a hosier, and sent him to the Royal Academy in 1779 as an engraving student. While at school, Blake absorbed the religious symbolism and linear design characteristic of Gothic style. While studying there, he rebelled against the academic conventions of Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the academy. Contrary to modern standards, he decided to follow the footsteps of the world-renowned artist Michelangelo and Raphael instead. Throughout his life, Blake made his money engraving things, but lived in mass poverty. On August 18, 1782, Blake married a poor illiterate girl, Catherine Boucher. Some believe she turned out to be the best companion Blake could have chosen. Blake and Catherine never had children. In 1784, Blake’s father passed away after he started his own printing press. He took his brother Robert in to live with him as an assistant pupil to relieve him from the agonies of poverty. In Blake's eyes, Robert was his son. The establishing of the printing shop helped Blake and Catherine become financially secure for rest of their lives. From that point on, he lived as an engraver and illustrator with the help of his wife and brother Robert. Once again tragedy struck, and in 1787, only shortly after beginning work, his brother Robert fell ill and passed away.

Art History Essay

1. How does Ernst Gombrich define style and how might we understand the relationship between an object’s style and the time and place in which it was created? Ernst Gombrich defines style as â€Å"any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is performed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made.† He also portrays style as distinguished event or pieces that has â€Å"desirable consistency and conspicuousness† and â€Å"stands out from a mass of ‘undistinguished’ events or objects†. In relation to time and place in which style was created, â€Å"The analysis of stylistic traditions in terms of the means peculiar to individual arts cuts across another approach, which is less interested in longitudinal study of evolution than in the synchronic characterization of all activities of a particular group, nation, or period.† 2. Based upon the readings, what is the relationship between style and form? Style is observing and seeing recognizable features in an object; form is in representing the event, portrays the idea, in which style and form come together to create pictorial representation. 3. Jacques-Louis David is often described as the leader of the Neoclassical school of painting and Oath of the Horatii is frequently described as the quintessential Neoclassical painting. Identify five elements of David’s painting that might be described as Neoclassical. 1. â€Å"Neoclassic artists and critics sought to revive the ideal of classical Greece and Rome.† The drapery and clothing worn by the figures in the drawing represent the classical Greek era, as well as; the columns in the background show a great representation of classical architecture. 4. The harsh, slanting light gives the figures their relief, and their contrasting characters are conveyed using different forms. The figures are separated by large empty spaces in a stage-like area shown head-on. The applied shade and shadow contrasted to the lighting emphasis enhanced the perception of depth. 5. â€Å"There is a sense of order, logic, and clarity in the subject matter and content, concepts† such as dedicating it to a ruler. Also there is a sense of decorum, appropriateness, and morality was emphasized. The painting isn’t styled with playful subject matter, or dreamy mythological, Greek god-like figures and bright colors, but technical approach by the artist. 6. Through the use of shade and applied shadows to representing three dimensional space on a two dimensional canvas. The 1-point perspective of the room was convincingly natural; the human figures were well proportioned and anatomically accurate. 7. The return to the Roman antiquity was the primary source of inspiration, which led to a period of resurgence in classicism and classical knowledge. It was also a period of enlightenment and rational thinking. This entire picture was a result of an imagination, drawn up with convincing realism to serve as an illustration to convince the viewers at their first glance. 8. Explain the significance of genre and narrative in the classification of David’s Oath as Neoclassical. This image is classified in the genre of history painting. This painting was based on the legend about the founding of Rome. David tells the story of three brothers that make an oath of loyalty to their father swearing defend their city ‘til death. . Most Neo-Classical paintings take their subjects from Ancient Greek and Roman history. In this painting, the Horatii brothers are swearing an oath on their swords, which their father presents to them to fight until they die for their country. David creates the ideal image to represent â€Å"greater seriousness and moral commitment,† which are the basic principles of Neo-Classicism. David achieves what most neoclassical artists and critics strive for in their art by reviving the idea of classical Greece and Rome.

Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business

Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business One of the most important tasks undertaken in the business world is that of decision-making. Majority of the decisions made in the modern marketplace are aimed at maximizing profitability within a firm. In order to gain sufficient understanding on the decisions to be undertaken, businesses rely on the information technology; indeed, knowledge management and business intelligence are some of the study areas spawned to aid in business decision-making (Anon, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prior to designing the marketing plan, sales forecast are normally undertaken in order to determine the potential of the market; hence, numerous kind of information from various sources are used (Longenecker, et al, 2006, p.154). According to Hague (1996), market resea rch is undertaken in various kinds of markets where both the buyer and the seller come together for the sole purpose of exchanging and increasing value. In this case, the buyer benefits by gaining profits while the seller achieves satisfaction (Hague, 1996, p.4). It is suggested by O’Connell (2003) that, despite one having expertise, experience, skills, and smartness, one might be lacking common sense. This is proven by the fact that, despite having smart people around, many dumb activities are normally accounted for, which in the first place ought not to happen, as they require the use of common sense (O’Connell, 2003). Distinctive nature of business intelligence, knowledge management, sales forecasting, market research, and common sense in business The various concepts used in decision-making are mainly distinguished by their definitions, as well as activities and processes associated with each concept. Business intelligence has numerous definitions; for instance, it has been defined as a wide area of technology where data is gathered, stored, accessed, and analyzed for the sole purpose of aiding business users in making better decisions. In addition to this, business intelligence has also been defined as systems that provide a background data that has been directed together with tools of reporting in order to aid in the process of decision-making. According to Williams and Williams (2007), a decision process is a type of business processes. In addition to this, businesses and companies tend to use business intelligence to bring about consistency in decision making, emphasize on incorporation of business information and analytical technique into tactical decisions and strategic processes and increase accountability, transparency and traceability of main decisions (Williams and Williams, 2007, p.186) According to Bergeron, knowledge management is characterized as a strategy in a business that is optimized in order to identify, organize, and pack age information that is important to the business of the firm, thus improving competitiveness among corporations and increasing employee performance (Bergeron, 2003, p. 89).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the definition, knowledge management is depicted as a way of introducing sense that results to a procedural management of intellectual assets and quality information for the sole purpose of providing a company with competitive advantage (Bergeron, 2003, p. 9). In spite of knowledge management being considered as an optimization strategy, its limits are not confined to one particular technology or a specific source of information. A key role played in knowledge management technology initiative results from the wide scope of information technologies (Bergeron, 2003, p. 9). In knowledge management practices, it is almost impossible for one to capture the belief s, behavior, and thoughts of the managers in the sense that one can provide quality information to another person (Bergeron, 2003, p. 8). The major differences between knowledge management business concept and business intelligence is brought about by the fact that in knowledge management, new knowledge is created and dispersed while in business intelligence there isn’t any dispersion or creation of knowledge. Sales forecasting according to Longenecker et al (2006) is defined as a prediction of the amount of product or service that can be purchased in a market for specific period. The market description should be defined accurately as it forms the prediction boundary (Longenecker, et al, 2006, p.154). In the construction of a business plan, the time has to be identified as short term or long term, as sales forecast implies on a specified period. In the assessing of the feasibility of a new venture, sales forecast is considered one of the essential components. Moreover, the sa les forecast is also useful in personnel decisions, inventory policies, and production schedules. Sale forecast is considered as a multi-step process mainly because it is a composite of various individual forecasts that have been merged accordingly. The forecasting process is categorized in two major dimensions 1) the starting point of a process 2) the nature used in predicting the variable (Longenecker, et al, 2006, p.156). Market research is normally applied in markets where the sellers and buyers come together to increase value and exchange. The nature of the market determines the techniques and approach to be used by the market researcher. Some of the techniques used in market research include qualitative technique that investigate the complex consumer perception and quantitative technique whose basis is formed on rigorous sampling (Hague, 1996, p.4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Distinction between Business Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Sales Forecasting, Market Research, and Common Sense in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resources to be used are of outmost importance for the collection of valid data especially in the consumer market research (Hague, 1996, p.5). Information technology has had a great impact in the data processing sector of the market research. In addition to this, information technology is now finding its way in the data collection sector of the marketing research (Hague, 1996, p.12). Market research is hence applied in order to identify a business opportunity, problem identification, and commercial risks to be identified (Hague, 1996, p.14). In its application, market research aids in establishing a need for a service or product, assist in new product marketing and improve already existing product (Hague, 1996, p.14). In establishment of a new product a lot of expectations should not be expected as it offers an understanding of the surroundings upon w hich the new product will be sold and nothing more (Hague, 1996, p.18) In businesses, common sense is vital; this is because overly complicated regulations have become problematic. In order for the markets to work, O’Connell suggests that simplification of institutions should be encouraged together with innovative programs that promote existing systems that are formal (O’Connell,2003, p.6). In the business environs, the proposal, problem or solution should be written down and if you result in a complex idea, you might be heading in the wrong direction and hence one should retract the initial steps used in order to arrive at a simple direction. Lateral thinking has also been emphasized as the way the mind works and should be learned and implemented. In lateral learning, old ideas are done away with and new ones are generated by recognizing the wisdom gained from old ideas and searching for alternative ways (O’Connell, 2003, p.6). Conclusion Differences between th e various concepts used in decision-making are subtle and only minimal distinctions results can be noted due to similarity in their processes. Some of these concepts of the business studies are ascertained by the various existing business firms that provide them. These firms sell their decision support services to executives who make the decisions and implement them by way of manipulation so as to create reports to, show trends or even predict future events. Sale forecasting concept entails a specific period of time in which certain amount of products and services will have been purchased. It is a critical process especially while undertaking a new venture. The period in sale forecasting will be either short term or long term.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In market research, there is no prediction but contrarily actual data is collected in order to ascertain the difficulties, risks, and opportunities facing a particular market in question. The techniques used in data collection of marketing research can be either qualitative or quantitative depending on the data to be collected. Common sense in business simplifies the complex situations encountered in businesses. Common sense is not very common; this can be depicted by the way different people tackle and solve various problems. While tackling a problem basic steps are to be followed and on resulting into a complex idea, the steps earlier followed are to be retracted to arrive on a simple and a less complex idea. In knowledge management, creation and dispersion of new knowledge is significant as compared to business intelligence where the creation and dispersion of knowledge is lacking. References Anon. (N.d). Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management Differences. Web. Bergeron, B.P. (2003). Essentials of knowledge management. NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Hague, P.N. (1996). Market research: a guide to planning, methodology, evaluation. London: Kogan Page. Longenecker, J.G, et al. (2006). Small business management: an entrepreneurial emphasis. OH: Cengage Learning. O’Connell, E. (2003). The competitive advantage of common sense: using the power you already have. NJ: FT Press. Williams, S. and Williams, N. (2007). The profit impact of business intelligence. Oxford: Morgan Kaufmann.

The Physics of Bridges essays

The Physics of Bridges essays Bridges are a very important part of everyday life. They can save hours in traveling time each day or connect to pieces of land together. The everyday man may not appreciate them but they are by engineers and fans of physics. Bridges are perfect examples of physics. There are different types of bridges, each with a specific purpose. The ones that we chose to talk about are beam, arches, and suspension bridges. Beam bridges are the cheapest type of bridge to make. They are the most simplest to construct compared to the others. The simplest form of a beam bridge would if you took a board of any size and placed it over two desk that are closer than the boards length. If the gap is to great or too much of a load is added then the board will sag greatly. This may be solved if, the thickness of the board is increased or there are supports that are put in. The arch bridge is one of the oldest forms of a bridge. It is like a inverted suspension bridge, with all the tension replaced by compression, and vice versa. There are differences in the stability of the system. An example would be if you, hung a rope across a gap, and it will return to its original position, after some oscillation. Though you cannot hang it in the shape of an arch, even if it could be done the slightest disturbance would send it flying. One reason that an arch bridge has good support is that the volume between the road and the arches is it is filled with masonry, which adds rigidity. The other is that the arch has substantial thickness, so that even with variation in the load, the line of thrust passes through the voussoirs. Suspension bridges are the light and strong and can span distances of 2,000 to 7,000 feet, which is far longer than any other type. Though they are very good they are the most expensive. What a suspension bridge does it suspends the roadway from huge main cables, which extend from one end ...

Cryptococcus curvatus Essays

Cryptococcus curvatus Essays Cryptococcus curvatus Essay Cryptococcus curvatus Essay Introduction An buttery barm, Cryptococcus curvatus, once named as Apiotrichum curvatum and Candida curvata D, was found to be accumulated more than 60 % [ 1,2,4 ] of it dry weight in the signifier of intracellular lipoid when grown under extra C beginning with restricting growing of N. This accrued lipoid is formed as triglyceride in which the fatso acerb composing is similar to the works seed oil in specific for the chocolate butter equivalents ( CBE ) production. Cocoa butter is widely used in cocoa fabrication which obtained from the seeds of chocolate tree ( theobroma chocolate tree ) . This fat chiefly consist of its chief triacrylglycerol 1,3-disaturated-2-unsatuated triacrylglycerols with high sum of stearic acid ( 32-37 % , C 18:0 ) , palmitic acid ( 23-30 % , C16:0 ) and oleic acid ( 30-37 % , C18:1 ) . The monetary value of chocolate butter is really fluctuating and even exceeds $ 8000/ton in early 1980s. The high monetary value made this yeast oil becomes an attractive market. It was found that the fatty acid profile of Cryptococcus curvatus, it has low per centum of stearic acid C18:0 ( 12-15 % ) , and high per centum of oleic acid C18:1 ( 44-49 % ) . The undertaking of production of executable yeast oil as CBE is to increase the stearic acid content and guarantee the right distribution of fatty acerb profile of the ensuing triacylglycerol that warrant this yeast oil run into the rigorous demand of CBE in cocoa. In effort to successfully commercialize barm oils, the production has to accomplish feasibleness and profitableness. These factors in individual cell oil ( SCO ) production chiefly depend on whether the procedure can bring forth high valued lipoids and fatty acid with specific physical, chemical and nutritionary belongingss. [ 1-2 ] Meanwhile, the procedure cost in agitation is besides of import that determined by substrate and fermentor cost. Therefore, the lipid production rate and output should be every bit high as possible with the usage of the inexpensive C beginning like whey permeate in order to accomplish economic sciences executable. [ 1 ] Biochemistry Lipid accretion in Cryptococcus curvatus begins when foods ( normally nitrogen ) is exhausted with extra C beginning ( normally in the glucose signifier ) in the medium. Excess glucose is assimilated continuously and converted to triacylglycerols. Under the limited N supply, the cells can no longer proliferate and unable to turn and split. Lipid may roll up in the bing cells continuously, cells rich in lipoid. ( a ) ( B ) Fig3. ( a ) Cryptococcus curvatus, lipid droplet lend 70 % of its cell weight ( B ) Extracted oil from Cryptococcus curvatus in negatron micrograph with boundary beds within the oil droplets ( triacylglycerol ) . The first biological reaction after nitrogen exhaustion is the AMP deaminase activation: AMP a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ IMP + NH4+ The rapid lessening in AMP concentration accompany with the alteration in O2 ingestion and CO2 end product of the cells. This will decelerate down or even discontinue the activities of isocitrate ( NAD+ -dependent ) dehydrogenase ( ICDH ) within chondriosome. The enzymatic activity is greatly influenced by AMP concentration. However, this activity is independent on the non-oleaginous barm. Nitrogen exhaustion consequence in the addition of AMP deaminase and lessening of AMP concentration with effect of rapid bead in ICDH activity. Isocitrate is no longer metabolized efficaciously and so equilibrate with citrate though aconitase. Isocitrate i?i?i?z Aconitate i?i?i?z Citate Citrate is transported outside the chondriosome and cleaved by an enzyme Adenosine triphosphate: citrate lyase ( ACL ) in the cytol, which is absent in the non-oleaginous barm. Citrate + ATP + CoA a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + oxalacetate The citrate cleaving enzyme, ACL is really important in fatty acerb synthesis. If cell absent from ACL like non-oleaginous micro-organisms, it is unable to roll up lipoid. Fig. Pathway of lipid accumlation in Cryptococcus curvatus The oxalacetate formed in above reaction converted into malate instantly by the enzyme, malate dehydrogenase. Malate + NADP+ a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ pryuvate + NADPH + CO2 Fatty acerb synthesis requires the uninterrupted supply of both acetyl-CoA and NADPH ( cut downing power ) . Acetyl-CoA are used to make the C edifice unit which the turning long fatty acyl concatenation is derived from acetyl-CoA. NADPH are used to cut down the turning long fatty acyl concatenation. Fatty acerb synthesis in Cryptococcus curvatus follows fatty acerb synthase ( FAS ) path. Elongase act on palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) to bring forth stear ( 18:0 ) . I-9 desaturase act as enzyme to catalyse the dual bond interpolation between C9 and C10 in fatty acid concatenation. Stearic acid ( 18:0 ) is converted to oleic acid ( C18:1 n-9 ) . Meanwhile, I-12 desaturase infix a dual bond between C12 and C13 in mono-unsaturated fatty acid concatenation. It facilitate the transition of oleic acid ( C18:1 n-9 ) to linoleic acid ( 18:2 n-6 ) . Production Agitation is utilized in the growing of micro-organisms and its biogenesis. Fermentater provides an effectual reactor to accomplish optimum conditions of micro-organisms by seting different parametric quantities. Within fermenter, there are few dimensions to optimise lipid production of Cryptococcus curvatus which are C: N ratio of substrate, civilization manners, the O demand in the civilization medium. Substrate used Many researches with Cryptococcus curvatus chiefly concentrate on using whey permeate in agitation of milk sugar. An attractive feature of this barm is it s able to turn on assortment of substrates. This implicated that many nutrient processing wastes apart from whey permeate can be used as substrates for lipid production. Other than assorted sugars as a C beginning, glycerin is besides an interested feedstock for lipoids production when biodiesel is produced with big commercial graduated table. [ 4 ] Influences on C to N ( C: N ) ratio There are two stage growing rhythm of Cryptococcus curvatus. The first phase is the growing stage where the cells grow up to the high cell denseness with low lipid accretion. The 2nd stage is the nitrogen exhaustion stage which the residuary C beginnings in medium are converted to the signifier of lipid, ensuing in the lipid accretion. When cells grow in the balanced civilization medium, with uninterrupted supply of N, lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus will be less effectual. Nitrogen facilitate the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein for cell growing and cell division. Oxygen demand The capableness of O transportation is the most of import consideration in aerophilic agitation. The fermenter should be ensured to reassign equal O with high rate into the civilization medium so that non to restrict the growing Cryptococcus curvatus. However, the rate should non be excessively high that cause inordinate energy ingestion. In batch agitation of Cryptococcus curvatus turning on whey permeate, the extremum of the O uptake rate ( OUR ) is 13 mmoles/L/h under N limited status. This is a turning point from the growing stage of Cryptococcus curvatus to lipid accretion stage. The OUR is so bit by bit decreased at N exhaustion which is low oxygen demand with non inordinate cell denseness in fermenter. Therefore, a simple concept fermenter like airlift or bubble column constellation could be utilized. Comparing to the industrial stirred reactor, airlift or bubble column can be erected and constructed on site easy. Fig.1 shows the airlift fermenter design of using pealing sparger. Ring sparger is used to pump air into bill of exchange tubing. The stock is circulated upward in bill of exchange tubing vertically and downward in outer ringed part. The circulation provides good blending features in agitation. Airlift bubble column was used in industrial procedure. It was found that the lipid production rate ( LPR ) in airlift fermenter of 0.5m3 pilot works and 8.2m3 mill was 0.12 g/L/h and 0.06g/L/h severally. Both LPR was much lower comparing to the moved armored combat vehicle reactor on research lab graduated table. Using stirred armored combat vehicle reactor in a fed batch procedure has proven efficient in the growing and lipid production of Cryptococcus curvatus [ Meesters, 1995 ] . However, it is hard to scale up moved armored combat vehicle reactor taking to alter blending features and lessening O transportation rate in larger armored combat vehicle. The optimum status achieved in Meesters, 1995 is hard to execute in big graduated table, ensuing in the slower growing and production rate. Furthermore, when the agitation procedure require high O transportation rates, stirred armored combat vehicle fermenters is non sufficient. Oxygen transportation, good commixture and stirring may go restricting factors of production rate in syrupy systems like high cell denseness agitations. New type of reactor, Surer reactor is used to scale up the agitation. It consists of an external pumped cringle and 2 inactive sociables. Surer reactor mixes the medium exhaustively with no dead country by its forced flow feature. Air bubbles are reduced to really little bubbles by inactive sociables, ensuing in high O transportation rate. Installing more inactive sociables can accomplish much high O transportation rate. Besides, the commixture features will non be affected by the reactor s breadth. Scale up of Cryptococcus curvatus cultivation in Surer reactor achieve LPR 0.42 g/l/h which is much higher than scale up procedure of airlift fermenter 0.06 g/l/h mentioned by [ Davies 1992 ] [ 7 ] Culture manners There are four different civilization manners in cultivation of Cryptococcus curvatus: batch agitation ; fed batch agitation, uninterrupted agitation ; partial recycling agitation. Assorted civilization manners performed otherwise in the lipid production rate. Ykema [ 1 ] found that lipid production rates are faster in uninterrupted civilizations than in batch civilizations. However, highest lipid production rate rates will be achieved in civilization manners that enable the cultivation at high cell densenesss like fed-batch procedure. It was found that the fed-batch agitation performed most effectual in general. The procedure is two phases experiment. During the first stage, there is no restriction on foods, this status facilitate biomass production. The 2nd stage performs in N restrictions which cause lipid accretion. The fatty acerb composing varied in this two stage. The comparative sum of stearic acid C18:0 is low in the first biomass production stage, while the sum of oleic acid C18:1 addition, linoleic acid lessening C18:2 in the 2nd lipid accretion stage. Partial recycling civilizations aloe uninterrupted operation and increased productiveness by extinguishing batch downtime. Though partial recycling cultivation can accomplish a hi ghest lipid production rate, it is merely suited for small-scale operation. [ 4 ] Fed-batch agitation performed most efficaciously see to the big lipid production rate and big graduated table pertinence. Therefore, high lipid production rate can be achieved by seting C/N ratio and choose the civilization modes that the barm cultivated at high cell denseness. [ 1 ] Fig. LPR in different cultivation manner In the 80-90s century, different attacks have been performed to optimise the oil production of barm with the fatty acerb composing comparable to cocoa butter. For this ground the procedure has to increase the sum of steric acid in barm lipoid. It was shown that the consequence of low Os uptake rate altered the fatty acid profile. The grade of impregnation in fatty acid profile was increased by take downing the O uptake rate. With the low O concentration, I-9 desaturase enzyme used to covert stearic acid to oleic acid, elongation enzyme used to change over palmitic to stearic acid, are affected. Hence, the sum of stearic increased. The other straggy used a mutation in which theI-9 desaturase for the transition of strearate to oleate ( see besides fig.1 ) was partly blocked so that stearate accumulated at the disbursal of oleate. This guaranting lipid so had the correct belongingss for its usage as a chocolate butter equivalent. [ 3 ] Familial attack can besides spread out the scope of oils formed in Cryptococcus curvatus. It requires the transmutation and look system for the barm consequence in modifying fatty acerb biogenesis in the barm. I-9 desaturase cistron will be cloned and so to be use as a selective marker for the I-9 desaturase mutation of Cryptococcus curvatus. [ 5,8 ] The barm, Cryptococcus curvatus are possible manufacturers of lipoids similar to vegetable oils and fats. Research on their applications as a dietetic addendum in nutrient or indispensable pharmacological constituents in medical specialty has non progressed to desirable bounds. Since barms are polyploidy in nature, similar to workss, they may be appropriately engeernied so as to synthesise fresh lipoids which may happen public-service corporation in bring forthing value added oils anf fat for usage in the nutrient and biomedical industries. Rerouting of the barm s metabolic tract for the synthesis of biochemically of import polyunsaturated fatty acids has non received much attending. [ 4 ] Future Development Mentions 1. Adrie Ykema, Elizabeth C. Verbree, Martin M. Kater and Henk Smit, Optimization of lipid production in the buttery barm Apiotrichum curvatum in wheypermeate, Applied and Microbiology Biotechnology ( 1988 ) 29:211-218 2. R. Julian Davies, Jane E. Holdsworth and Sarah L. Reader, The consequence of low Os uptake rate on the fatty acid profile of the buttery barm Apiotrichum curvatum, Applied and Microbiology Biotechnology ( 1990 ) 33: 569-573 3. Z. Jacob, Advances in applied microbiology Vol 39, 1993 p.185-208 4. Meesters PAEP, Huijberts GNM, Eggink G. High-cell-density cultivation of the lipid roll uping yeast Cryptococcus curvatus utilizing glycerin as a C beginning. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996 ; 45:575-9. 5. PATRICIA A. E. P. MEESTERS AND GERRIT EGGINK Isolation and Characterization of a A-9 Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene from the Oleaginous Yeast Cryptococcus curvatus CBS 570, Agrotechnical Research Institute, VOL. 12: 723-730 ( 1996 ) 6. Mainul Hassan, Philippe J. Blanc, Louis-Marie Grangerf Alain Pareilleux A ; Gerard Goma, Influence of Nitrogen and Iron Limitations on Lipid Production by Cryptococcus curvatus Grown in Batch and Fed-batch Culture, Process Biochemistry Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 355-361, 1996 7. Patrica A.E.P. Meesters, Hetty van der Wal, Ruud Weusthuis and Gerrit Eggink, Cultivation of the buttery barm Cryptococcus curvatus in a new reactor with improved commixture and mass transportation characteristic, Biotechnology Techniques, Vol 10 No.4 ( April 1996 ) p.277-282 8. Colin Ratege and James P. Wynn, Advances in applied microbiology, Vol 51, 2002 p.1-46 9. C. Ratledge, Fatty acid biogenesis in micro-organisms being used for Single Cell Oil production, Biochimie 86 ( 2004 ) 807-815 10. Colin Ratledge, Peter Dawson, James Rattray, Biotechnology for the oils and fats industry, American Oil Chemists Society, c1984

Auditing case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing case study - Essay Example ’s best performing market with a 4% rise in sales even though its export sales recorded a 1% contraction when compared to the previous financial year. Overall group data reported that sales into the U.S.A market rose by 24% whilst the European market indicated a 12% decline. The company’s overall profitability was assisted by the strengthening of the US dollar when compared with the sterling pound during this period. 2. The company’s profit before tax stood at  £2,052,000 in 2012/13 when compared with 2011/12 whereby it stood at  £843,000 before the IAS 19 pension adjustment. The main expenditure stood at  £555,000. The other expenses were  £228,000 which was mostly related to executive transition costs. Looking at their major products, Technical Fiber Products had an operating profit standing at  £1,450,000 compared to 2011/12 when it stood at  £629,000. Their turnover figures grew by about 6% on the preceding year’s turnover figure of  £12,599,000. Sales in the Defense and Aerospace sectors represented an 18% and 20% of the overall sales respectively. The sales of TFP into the U.S.A increased by 16% and 17% in US dollar and Sterling terms respectively. The U.S.A represented the TFPs most important market with which accounted for about 55% of its turnover while it stood at 50% over the preceding year. It was however not so rosy in when looking at the same sales out o f the U.S.A which shrunk by about 6%. The company took several steps aimed at consolidating the US operations. It closed the Cincinnati facility in mid-2012 while it will take until the third quarter of 2013 for the new facility at Schenectady to achieve to several consumer programs. The Schenectady facility needed an investment about US$3million initially. In conclusion, there is heightened audit risk in revenue area. 1. According to the annual report, the company is undergoing major re alignments in its principle market in the U.S .The closures of the Cincinnati plant and future closure of

Conference 6 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conference 6 - Coursework Example etermination of budget priorities however, leads to economic growth of entire country as well as state and this is driven by world knowledge economy provided by competition norm both within and outside a country. More so, budget priorities brings about globalization through an essence of global networks and this in turn leads to tremendous opportunities for trading, building relationship as well as working in partnership triggered by effective communication. As far as the aspect of budget priority is of concern, the world becomes more interconnected specifically through trading activities, new trends activities, interests sharing, technology, and mostly through cyberspace. It is at this point that we learn co-existence between the National Security council and the Office of Management and budget as far as budgeting priorities are of concern. Through effective communication and forms of communication, for the National Security council to initiate any transaction, it need to liaise with the office of management and budget to get accountability on the basis of resources allocation, acquisition and amendments that might have come across due to either outside on internal

No Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No - Assignment Example Furthermore, the crux of the matter, as the authors relate it, hinges upon the differential that is noticed between the aforementioned â€Å"real option† as compared to the â€Å"discounted cash flow†. Regardless of the causal mechanisms, the authors argue that understanding EC as a function of behavior and what triggers it are key concerns for the operations and decision making structures that many organizations and individuals employ on a daily basis. Methods The methodology that the study employed was concentric upon a group of 80 financial managers which were drawn from a diverse group of companies. For purposes of the study, the participants were all graduates in either accounting or management. As a means to insure that the participants all had a modicum of experience, the participants were only selected from those which had a minimum average experience of around 7 years on the job. As a means of answering the questions associated with the research questions, the researchers distributed among these 80 participants a questionnaire which was divided into 3 separate and distinct subsections. The first section introduced the research and required the participants to give their general information; to include age, sex, degree, field of expertise etc. Likewise, the second part was divided into two subsections of its own. The first of these subsections offered a brief explanation of the capital budgeting methods (real option or net present value). The second subsection elaborated upon how the former were calculated; giving examples and showing the methodology/formulation. Similarly, the third section consisted of three subsections of its own. The first of these subsections helped to describe the hypothetical project to the participants as a way of seeking to gain shareholder buy in. The second subsection sought to obtain a quantitative measurement based upon the first with respect to whether they would seek to abandon or salvage a given project on a scale of 0-100 (Karimi et al 478). Likewise the third subsection required the participants to answer 9 multiple choice questions with a 0-5 rating concerning their hypothetical choices that have been previously determined within the other sections. Description Although previous studies have worked to show that the use of real option methods for the purpose of evaluation tend to yield better results, the hypothesis that were tested within this study helped to reflect a slightly different result. This is no doubt due in part to the participants which were involved. Whereas previous studies have relied almost exclusively on university students in order to populate their studies, this particular study relied exclusively on those that have spent an average of 7 years within the industry and likely this factor more than any other has helped to differentiate the results that were seen. This helps to necessarily present the researcher with a clear and unavoidable juxtaposition of actual r eal-world experience that has helped to inform the research question. Evaluation I found this project to be contextually interesting but the research model and statistical generation that were reported could have been much better written as a way to engage the reader/researcher with the findings

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc Essay

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc - Essay Example This paper examines all the similarities between these three works and establishes the commonality between the characters and their presentations. Tragedy has been a theme for playwrights since the beginning of literature, well explored by Greek poets like Sophocles, medieval English writers, and Elizabethan playwrights, of which Shakespeare is prominent. The most prominent cause of the tragedy in these plays would be the tragic hero fighting against his/her impending doom. ‘The tragic hero is divided "between imperative and impulse, between moral ordinance and unruly passion . . . between law and lust" (Heilman 207).’ (Brown, 2009). If we explore the similarities between the two Elizabethan dramas, Macbeth, Hamlet and the ancient Greek tragedy, Oedipus, we find that the protagonists have that fatal flaw which draws them to their downfall and all other elements that make a tragedy. When these protagonists live, they teach us many lessons with the mistakes that they commit in their life. They seem to exist to attain the ultimate goal of death.† We admire the daring, uncompromising spirit of the tragic hero wh ile recognizing that what he gains in intensity of life, he often pays for with its brevity.† (Brown, 2009). Shakespeare’s tragedies â€Å"follow a basic pattern of complication, crisis, and conclusion but with multiple variations.† (Brown, 2009). If we compare and seek similarities between the characters of the three works, we find that as mentioned above, all protagonists unconsciously seek their own fall. Hamlet muses far too much over his father’s death and even when his father has shown him the path of revenge, he fails to kill Claudius when he has the chance. Macbeth on the other hand, blinded easily by ambition and avarice, kills Duncan in haste without pondering over the consequences. Oedipus’s flaw is his colossal ego or Hubris. It does not bring about his misery directly but does lead to

Growth and earnings per share Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Growth and earnings per share - Essay Example This reporting effects business operations in a positive manner by changing their course according to the report. Income growth helps organizations realize their profitability and income generation, according to this the stakeholders are given their share of profit in the form of more stocks or cash. This effects the business operations in a positive manner as they are pointing towards a positive direction. The earning per share helps the company decide the price of their stock, as the company's earning per share increases it becomes more profitable. EPS also helps tell the stakeholders the position of the company in the market and the risk associated with it. This effects the business operations of the company and they try to organize their operations according to the plans and strategy that are being implemented by the company. All these three revenue growth, income growth and earning per share are the fundamentals of the business and their overall impact on the business operations is to aware the management of the necessary changes that are required. Net profit and cash flow are two separate things that help in analyzing the business progress and where a company is heading to. These two also determine whether the company is a success or a failure. The two components help the company in organizing itself and predicting the future. Net profit is basically all the revenue minus cost of goods sold which equals to gross profit then we minus the operating expenses from the gross profit we get the net profit. Net profit is then used to pay the dividends to stake holders and save amount for future investments. Cash Flow: Cash flow is basically all the cash that is flowing into the company and all the cash that is going out of the company. Cash flow only includes current assets and mainly is cash related. The cash flow does not include the assets and other profit related aspects of the Income Statement. The difference between the two components is that net income indicates the money that has been generated by the company but cash flow only indicates the money flowing out and coming into the company, though both of the components have an important use for the business but are different from each other. If a company runs out of available cash it has problems paying employees and running business operations. Another major difference between profit and cash flow is that when a product is sold and as it may have been sold on credit the profit is realized immediately but the cash flow is recorded when the cash is received. The 2005 article "Understanding your Balance Sheet" describes three categories of assets. What are they Give examples of what belongs in each category. The balance sheet is an instrument that helps government know how much a company owns and how they are positioned. A balance sheet has all the assets on one side and the liabilities and capital on the other side. Both sides balance each other. The assets column mainly consists of three types of assets. Current Assets Current asset refer to those holdings of the company that can be easily liquefied and exchanged for cash. For example cash

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc Essay

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc - Essay Example This paper examines all the similarities between these three works and establishes the commonality between the characters and their presentations. Tragedy has been a theme for playwrights since the beginning of literature, well explored by Greek poets like Sophocles, medieval English writers, and Elizabethan playwrights, of which Shakespeare is prominent. The most prominent cause of the tragedy in these plays would be the tragic hero fighting against his/her impending doom. ‘The tragic hero is divided "between imperative and impulse, between moral ordinance and unruly passion . . . between law and lust" (Heilman 207).’ (Brown, 2009). If we explore the similarities between the two Elizabethan dramas, Macbeth, Hamlet and the ancient Greek tragedy, Oedipus, we find that the protagonists have that fatal flaw which draws them to their downfall and all other elements that make a tragedy. When these protagonists live, they teach us many lessons with the mistakes that they commit in their life. They seem to exist to attain the ultimate goal of death.† We admire the daring, uncompromising spirit of the tragic hero wh ile recognizing that what he gains in intensity of life, he often pays for with its brevity.† (Brown, 2009). Shakespeare’s tragedies â€Å"follow a basic pattern of complication, crisis, and conclusion but with multiple variations.† (Brown, 2009). If we compare and seek similarities between the characters of the three works, we find that as mentioned above, all protagonists unconsciously seek their own fall. Hamlet muses far too much over his father’s death and even when his father has shown him the path of revenge, he fails to kill Claudius when he has the chance. Macbeth on the other hand, blinded easily by ambition and avarice, kills Duncan in haste without pondering over the consequences. Oedipus’s flaw is his colossal ego or Hubris. It does not bring about his misery directly but does lead to

Ford Motors and Its Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ford Motors and Its Leadership - Term Paper Example The term paper "Ford Motors and Its Leadership" talks about the productive efficiency that makes an organization successful and also the leadership style that directs the organization towards a unified organization goal. Henry Ford introduced a structure whereby employees and workers were only responsible for the tasks in their job description and the decision making was highly centralized: only the top management could do that. Though Ford’s production line was perfect, it only made sales in the USA and Canada in1999. Jacques Nasser, Ford’s CEO in 1999 believed that there was an urgent need to relax the rigid and slow structure and he recommended ‘nimble leaders at all levels’, in order to speed up decision making. Only when lower level employees were allowed to make decisions, they could feel confident and trusted. This improves efficiency and performance of the overall workforce. Ford’s present ideology is that to start a revolution, one has to train revolutionaries. This was not the case back in 1999. To develop leaders, Ford sent around 2500 of its managers to Leadership Development Center. These programs were not only aimed at defining good leaders but they also taught the skills and strategies to become good leaders. At Ford’s New Business Leader Program, Janine Bay retorted: "How many of you feel comfortable being here? About half. Okay. Well, I hope to change that this week. I want all of you to be uncomfortable. Because if you're comfortable, you can't re ally be a revolutionary, can you?" (Hammonds, 2000). Only when managers work outside their comfort zones, they can learn different new tasks and bring about innovations and revolutions. Leadership at grass root level made Ford a more nimble entity. It instills risk taking ability at lower levels of the hierarchy. If employees at grass root wait for instructions from the top management, there can be hold ups in the whole production process. Ford encourages leaders to be teachers because it makes them stronger and insightful leaders. Teaching transforms managers into leaders who can strike a balance between work and family (Hammonds, 2000). In 2009, General Motors and Chrysler filed for bankruptcy and agreed to government bailout. The year 2008 was the worst period for Ford as it incurred a loss of $14.6 billion in sales. It had made $24 billion which was less than the $25.8 billion debt. In spite of this blow, Ford turned down government help because it wanted to save it for times wh en the economy worsened to the greatest extent. Ford also experienced declining sales the following year: and its sales in February 2009 were 48% lower than its sales in February of 2008. But Fords did not follow the footsteps of General Motors or Chrysler. The crisis that it faced did not shake its integrity as an organization. It stood strong in times of economic trouble and refused government loans in order to bounce back. The reason why Ford survived even after refusing a government bailout was that in 2007, Ford had raised $23.6 billion by getting loans against its North American assets (that served as collateral). The idea as per the then chief executive Alan R. Mulally was that this loaned money will protect Ford’s in times of recession. Unlike Chrysler and General Motors, Ford’s was protected in recession by this loaned money. Planning for contingencies by its top management gave Ford the security and stability it needed in recessionary period. In 2009, Ford tu rned out to be the only automaker survivor, when most automakers filed for bankrup

Cultural baggage and Cultural tourism by Dr Jim Butcher, an evaluation Essay Example for Free

Cultural baggage and Cultural tourism by Dr Jim Butcher, an evaluation Essay Dr Jim Butcher, the author of the article above, has researched on its various facets of tourism such as its moralization, innovations, and cultural, ethical, ecological and anthropological aspects and also as a tool for sustainable development. He has several publications to his credit (www. canterbury. ac. uk). The article under review authored by Dr Butcher appears as a book chapter in the Book â€Å"Innovations in Cultural Tourism†(2001) edited by him. Key issues of the article are the positive and potential aspects of cultural tourism which some critiques discount it as antidevelopment and prone to cause conflicts between the host and the tourist. The author is of the view that cultural tourism has its roots to the man’s craving for alien cultures and the need for relief from monotony of modernity and as such it has naturally come as a blessing to the economically backward regions. He has found three aspects of culture as a function, as a past and as a difference overshadowing the goodness of cultural tourism. The main aim of the author is to dispel the negative impression created by these aspects in the minds of the critics. The book chapter under evaluation is not in layman’s language. Even a discernible student of tourism would find it difficult to distinguish between cultural baggage and cultural tourism or relationship between the two terms. Whatever Dr Butcher says about cultural tourism has been in one aspect or another touched upon by his peers. That the cultural tourism has come of age and is capable of benefiting the economically weaker nations or places within nations and that it promotes cultural exchanges, fusion of culture, that it simply promotes or creates awareness of host’s culture and that it has been gradually making countries sans boundaries with only natural barriers by creating a feeling of oneness, have all been also discussed by other authors on the subject if one happens to visit the website of the UNESCO on cultural tourism. (unesco. org) and many others. His unique findings are that the ‘over functional culture’, its ‘past’ character and its â€Å" difference† outlook overshadow the real creative character of cultural tourism. He has taken pains to explain all the three in almost four pages out of hardly six, which is an indicator of his serious concern towards Cultural Tourism. His conclusion that cultural tourism results in economic development is indeed true. Man is basically gregarious and therefore cultural tourism with its benefits is unstoppable. The cultural tourists and the hosts are the actors and we are the audience. It means differently to each one of them. If the actors are allowed to have their own way, the inevitable result will be what the author Dr Jim concludes with, that is development. There is no doubt cultural tourism is growing segment of the travel market â€Å"Mass marketing is giving way to one-to-one marketing with travel being tailored to the interests of the individual consumer. A growing number of visitors are becoming special interest travellers who rank the arts, heritage and/or other cultural activities as one of the top five reasons for travelling†(nasaa-arts. org). It has been said that mass tourism has had its detrimental effects but there are advocates for mass tourism for its own benefits. Certain undesirable conflicts of cultures are just harmless side effects and are not to be taken seriously for the sake of larger benefits cultural tourism. On the whole Dr Jim’s contribution in this chapter leaves the reader more informed and makes him act responsibly as an audience whether as a policy maker or whoever, in order to preserve and promote the goodness of cultural tourism markedly different from mass tourism. REFERENCES Butcher, J. (ed) (2001), Innovations in Cultural Tourism, ATLAS, Tilburg http://www. canterbury. ac. uk/business-sciences/sport-science-tourism-and-leisure/staff/dr-jim-butcher. asp accessed on July 12, 2006 http://www. nasaa-arts. org accessed on July 13, 2006 http://portal. unesco. org/culture/en/ev. php-accessed on July 13, 2006

The Advantages Disadvantages Of Employee Involvement Participation Management Essay

The Advantages Disadvantages Of Employee Involvement Participation Management Essay INTRODUCTION In pursuit of high performance by the employee to meet organizational objectives social scientists, psychologists and management thinkers have endeavoured to discover and implement the most appropriate ways. Motivational problems have come into even sharper prominence in recent years, as corporations of all sizes and in all fields face up to issues of heightened dynamic competition, ever-accelerating technological demands, and shortages of key technical and management skills, in a pervading climate of economic uncertainty and world recession. In order to survive, whole new activities have entered into the management lexicon as companies restructure, downsize, delayer, outplace and subcontract their satellite activities. Common to all formulations is, first, an understanding that people have the potential to provide competitive advantage and, second, that management styles should reflect the central importance of people as assets to be utilized in order to offer optimum benefit to the business. Employees must be drawn into the corporate culture and committed to its values and objectives; employees must be empowered to become self-managers rather than act as passive recipients to management plans must participate in decision making. the intention is to give employees a say in organizational affairs, the initiatives emerge from management and are linked, however tenuously, with the achievement of management objectives. We refer to this manifestation of employee influence enhancement as employee involvement. C Jeff Hyman and Rob Mason (1995, p. 5-6) EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT An environment is created due to employee involvement that leads to confusion on decision making and action side affecting their job. As practiced in many bodies of work employee involvement can never be an aim or a tool rather it is the philosophical thought of common men of managing and leading their work organization which results in betterment. A motivating and fetching environment is created which helps to keep back best employee with a feeling of own ness by involvement .When an organization truly wants to create a positive work environment that is based on high trust, exceptional customer service collaborative teamwork, operational excellence and creative problem solving, then the leadership team must begin to understand, invest in and be responsive to the needs of the group that represents the organizations most valuable assets and is also one of its most important customers, the employees. On return of very nominal investment comes high level of employee motivation, new idea s, promises and production which leads to the betterment of the organization and brings about more profit . A fundamental total quality management percept is that employees must be involved and empowered. Employee involvement refers to the importance of each and every employee who as a a fully mechanical unit employee do play a very important part for operation and maintain team leads to the progress of the organization. Each employees input is solicited and valued by, hisher management. Employees and management recognize that each employee is involved in running the business. One of the greatest underlying factors in the success or failure of any organization is the power of its people, and how well that power is focused towards meeting the organizations objectives. For production Organizations tapping the power of men are more strong and competitive in comparison to those that do not. Companies thinking their employee as mere machines never realize their capabilities; such organizations inefficiency attracts competition, until the philosophy of management changes. Employee involvement leads to empowering of employees , who are able to take part in decision-making and thoughts of improvement at their respective levels in the company. Since Mc Gregors theory y first brought to managers, the idea of a participative management style, employee involvement has taken many forms, including the job design approaches and special activities such as quality of work life (QWL) programs. A great thinker from Technical University of Crete A. Apostolou, gives the view that only people of one company brings about the difference of it from the other. The Japanese have always recognized this and it is one of the reasons for their success in world markets - they place tremendous value on the integration of people with organizational objectives, equipments and processes .The issue forced to be addressed by the employees are involvement, communication and development. The maturity of a company in the employment relationship is measured through the three issues. Man y people confuse communication systems such as team briefings with involvement. PRACTICES IN EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT One of the most well-known and widely used recognition devices is the use of suggestion systems. Employees offer suggestions (or improving processes or cutting costs and are recognised with small cash awards. The Japanese have been especially effective at making suggestion systems work. For instance, a typical high-performing Japanese plant in the auto components business generates 47 suggestions per employee a year and pays approximately the equivlent of U.S. $35 per suggestion. In contrast, a comparable Western factory generates about one suggestion per employee per year. but pays out $90 per suggestion. In 1995 Toyota received 1,9 million suggestions from employees of which they implemented 95%. Stephen P. Robbins ( p. 153-154) THE SCOPE OF PARTICIPATION An alternative state response to the uncertainties associated with market fluctuations is to offer employees a measure of protection against the harshness of unfettered market forces by providing them which some say in events which could disrupt or otherwise effect their working lives. It could also argue that repercussions of market developments strengthen the case for employee protection. The rise in part time and in conventional employment patterns serves to increase the dependence of employees upon organizations whose prime motivation is to respond effectively to market signals. In order for a protectionist process to serve a useful function for its intended beneficiaries appropriate mechanisms are needed to inform employees of their representatives of high level company. Participations under their conditions is likely to involve representative employee member of high level decision making bodies which formally equips them with opportunities for more profound inputs than are foun d with the narrowly defined market adaptation processes associated with employee involvement .though participative approaches aim to provide employees with protection , in their non collective bargaining format they might also derive from a less adverbial industrial relations perspective than that which give rise to employer dominated involvement. Where the need for adequate systems of representations of collective interests is recognized and accepted as a valuable contributor to long term industrial harmony, participation might also form part of a system which positively encourages employers to plan for the future through investment in plant, technology and people and to include human resource development as part of long term planning and investment strategy. In these instances, whilst providing employees with a measure of security, participative arrangements would also conform with a pattern of industrial decision-making typified by reference to long term performance objectives. EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT MODEL For people and organizations who desire a model to apply , the best i have discovered was developed from work by Tannebaum and Schmidt(1958) and Sadler(1970).While decision making they provide a continuum for leadership and involvement which leads to increment of role for employees and decrease for supervisors. The continuum includes this progression. Tell: the supervisor makes the decisions and announces it to staff. The supervisor provided complete directions. Sell: the supervisor makes the decision and then attempts to gain commitment from staff by selling the positive aspects of the decision. Consult: Though the final decision is given by the authority still supervisors are invited to put decision. Join: the employees are invited to make decisions with the supervisors. The keys to involvement are several complex: (a) Financial -> share ownership and profit distribution plans can help to foster an in terest in a companys affair at the competition level which is often hard to get across in the normal day to day routine of workplace activity. According to an industrial society survey, one in six UK employees holds the share in their organization. .The managers who were skewed were those who held stocks [one -third of the manager]. Amongst unskilled manual worker this dropped to just 5%. Half of all share owners surveyed felt that owing shares had made them more committed to the companys success although there was no significant difference on job satisfaction or their rating of their company overall as an employer. .An incentive is essential to increase its workers share to ownership if the company wishes to. One of the most common form of incentive is the use of employee share plans (ESOPs). These typically offer a one share purchase arrangement, with the company issuing matching shares from a s hare trust for every ordinary share purchased. Effectively a half- price buying arrangement but with the added bonus of tax savings. (b) Job security: Doubts as to whether you will still be with the company next week are hardly likely to encourage a sense of belonging. The Japanese identified this as obvious truism for several years. There is some evidence that this approach is starting to impact on the organization of labor contracts in the west The deal of Rover in 1992 changed the 80 year old tradition in USA, production for employees by assuring job security and lay off guarantees. A no compulsory redundancy policy was put into strains during 1980s and 1990s. The structure of the work organization itself determines many facets of the employment relationship; in particular, job design can influence the degree of control an employee has over his or her work and, with that, the degree of personal responsibility felt for the outcomes and quality of work. The system of multi shifts, in line methods and absence coverage helps in personal accountability, the work remains done without any prior condition of absence of employees and work results always positive unlike professional jobs. Consequently employees constrained by systems feel little sense of ownership of the total process. The survey of companies focuses on cell based production and group structure in working form, shows absenteeism, good quality of outcome and high production, which is brought about by greater sense of involvement and decision making responsibility. Digital Equipment for example use a derivative of autonomous work groups called High Performance Work Design. The compa ny feels they have achieved better quality, higher output, lower inventory and faster and more accurate decision making. The changes are not just restricted to the high tech finish of production. EMCAR, a clothing manufacturer, changed from traditional production lines to Autonomous Work Groups (AWGs), with individual piecework being replaced by a group bonus. As a consequence labour turnover and absenteeism went down accordingly in industrial norms leading to increased production. The given turnaround times on orders came down from six eight weeks to four weeks. METHODOLOGYÆ’Â   Employee participation and empowerment is a worldwide applicable technique. There have more options along with employee involvement. It brings together incentive programs, researches, focus and more. The aim is to identify the most efficient options of employee involvement that can be linked to the goals of an organization. In order to implement employee involvement and empowerment to an enterprise the following key actions need to take place: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Giving employee the responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training employee to accept responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communicating and giving feedback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Giving rewards and recognition Workers today are more and more being asked by management to join employee involvement programs in order to improve the quality of their work lives. In order to survive todays harsh and fierce fully competitive situations, the management realizes that only cooperation between the management and the workers can help tide over it. It very well understands that the days of forced labor management techniques are practices of the past and not realistic anymore. It is in the best interest of both workers and supervisors to increase happiness and satisfaction on the job, because happy and satisfied employees are productive employees who insure the employers profit and continued existence of the company and the workers jobs. In such programs management usually wants: 1. Access to the workers knowledge of the job. 2. The Management looks forward to acceptance of newer technologies without disapproval. 3. Freeness regarding work regulations, classification of works, assignment the contract for the cause of better efficiencies. 4. Contract differs and concessions of occasionally contract. If the chance of employee involvement is true and valid, it must have the most important six conditions as follows: 1. Management involves the union at the highest levels as an equal partner from planning, through implementation, and evaluation of employee involvement. To coordinate and set up the employee involvement committee a consultant is hired by the joint decision of union and management.. 2. It is a voluntary process for both union and company. The committee that deals with employee involvement is selected, elected by the union. 3. Collective bargaining and grievance matters are not a part of the program These matter stays out of employee involvement.. 4. Management accepts the proposal in written form that no worker can be downgraded as consequences of ideas generated by the employee in employee involvement committee. 5The monetary savings of employee involvement are distributed among workers through returns of more money in cheque, upgrading, less working hour, etc. The management and the union converging state this. . 6. Management actions on cooperation should be the same as management words. The management strives for a healthy relationship in its relationship with the union as it actively seeks to settle all differences at the lower level and tries to reason with the union against putting forward of cases for settlement as it leads to the depletion of the union treasury. The officers and the lower level members of the union are treated with the same respect by the management while at the same time seeing to it that the rights of all the members are duly obliged. In the studies of Virginia P., the impact perception of leadership style is use of power and conflict management style on organizational outcomes. Richmond, John P. To measure the employee satisfaction using continuum [tell, consult, join] researchers Wagner and James McCroskuv developed an instrument. Their research discovered that, the supervisor who wishes to generate positive impact on satisfaction with supervision, satisfaction with work, and solidarity and to reduce communication anxiety should strive to get her/his subordinates to perceive her/him as using a more employee-centered (consult-join) leadership style. At the same time, however, the supervisor cannot be seen by employees as abdicating responsibility for decision making. Examples: Tell: Good while communicating about government rules, safety norms, decisions that are not required for employee input. Sell: Decision remains safe from employee influence, useful. Where commitment is required Consult: Information to employee result successful consultation and end to discussion, where input is required but the supervisor holds the power of decision finalizing. Join: When the supervisor truly builds consensus around a decision and is willing to keep influence equal to that of the others providing input is called the key to a successful join. ***************************************************** Advantages Employees have knowledge about their customers and the company they work for. Employees are close to the business of purchase and sale. Employees have less knowledge regarding the supply needs and frequency than the employee Employees have prior knowledge about its weak and strong points in the team. Employees know about the logos and displays at the basic level. Disadvantages: Employees are devoid of knowledge what it needs to run a company. Employees may come up with grudges against the company or amongst themselves. Sometimes employees may not be dedicated in giving their best for the organizations. The overall success of the company depends on some investment of the employee Employees can present false interest. Employees may have conflicting interests ****************************************************** EXAMPLE: Initiating and Sustaining Employee Involvement at Lyondell Lyondell Petrochemical Company is engaged in the production of a huge variety of petrochemicals, including olefins, methanol, polyethylene and polypropylene. It is also engaged in the production of refined petroleum though through an affiliate. More than fifteen hundred workers work at four different production sites in Texas. Its headquarters is in Houston in 1980s; Bob Gover was on a group which suggested convergence of petrochemical and refinement of the company, to stop loss of money and formation of new companies. Atlantic Richfield called the company Lyondell Petrochemical and asked Gower to run it. Choosing to regard as with improvement in production, a challenge an organization that had lost a total of $200 million each year for the past three years, Gower accepted Gower had many problems other than serious red ink .Due to lack of any assets the company could not stand apart in competition .It did not enjoy any extra credit in the market or neither have any special technology .The only way to differentiate itself and bring back profitability. But, as Gower notes, Morale was low and costs were way too high. Matters became more badly when Lyondell made a new management team. I was told that I could talk into joining m e. No doubt Atlantic Richfields leaders felt pretty safe with such a generous offer, but they did not count on Gowers persuasive powers. He not only pulled together a management team, but the people who came where risk takers who believed, as I did, that people are the key to a successful turnaround. And Lyondell has succeeded. In 1989 Lyondell was ranked first by Fortune, for sales per employee under all the best industrial companies in the USA. . It earned the same honor again in 1990 and1991.Baldrige was visited in 1991 and 1992. Employee involvement leads Lyondell to his success. A change in managements attitude brings about the initiation of employee involvement. To save Lyondell from loss of money his leaders turned to employee involvement, as they believed people have good ideas to share and are responsible, are proud of their work, etc. want responsibility. GROWTH OF EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT There is a growing body of evidence that, in aggregate, usage of the involvement techniques outlined above has increased throughout , mainly Europe (bean 1994:183), the united states (eg- Deutsch and Schurman 1993) and, we shall now show, especially in the UK. Since the 1960s in Japan, there has developed a range of quality based involvement technique and informal communicative practices, which have also helped to influence practice in America and the UK (Oliver and Wilkinson 1992: chap-2). The Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys-WIRS, conducted in 1980, 1984 and most recently in 1990, provide a comprehensive view of development in workplace industrial relations in Britain. The research gives the view that in the early 1980s, managers reported a higher increase in the introduction of all types of employee involvement between 1980 and 1984 than in the three years prior to 1980. Overall, the proportion of managers reporting any initiative to increase involvement rose from 24% to 35% with specific emphasis given to Two -Way Communication Systems, a trend confirmed by worker representatives in the research. This current research gave focus on some qualitative changes in involvement practice in that the incidence of collective- oriented consultation. THE RATIONALE FOR EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION: Employee participation, conversely, emerges from a collective employee interest to optimize the physical, security and inspirational conditions under which employees a re-contracted to serve . These ambitions are likely to be supported and promoted by political ideas, systems and parties, sensitive to the potential deprivations which accompany unregulated market operations, but resisted by employers whose freedom of action may be curtailed by protective participation procedure. An example of employer prejudice to employee participation proposals is well demonstrated by the UK experience. Tensions between the contrasting interests of employers and labor became evident in the UK, during the late 1970s: during this period, political expediency to mobilize union support was articulated by a strong union impetus toward participative arrangement, which were capable of propelling employee interests beyond the areas bounded by collective bargaining alone. Together, these movements manifested in proposals for worker and representative councils. The most inspiring of these initiatives was without any doubt the attempt to introduce a participative framework based on worker directors using the theory of unitary board, composed of equal numbers of shareholder and union workers supplemented by a minority of Neutral Director. Thus both employee involvement and participation are interrelated and is essential in society as said above. Though both have its own qualities, boon and bane, it is essential for balancing work environment and the working culture. Involvement and participation makes work more responsible and results are their best as all hold their own pride for their part of work done under a team. Work Citations

The Workings and Effectiveness of the Price Mechanism :: Economics

The Workings and Effectiveness of the Price Mechanism Introduction In this essay I am going to analyse the workings and effectiveness of the price mechanism as a means of allocating and reallocating scarce resources. I am going to do this by comparing the free market economy with its alternatives and by looking at how government intervention allows the price mechanism to carry on working. I am also going to look at the role that we, as consumers, play in the workings of the price mechanism. Definition & Workings of the Price Mechanism The Price Mechanism: The system in a market economy whereby changes in price in response to changes in demand and supply have the effect of making demand equal to supply. The price mechanism works as follows, prices respond to shortages and surpluses. Shortages cause prices to rise, surpluses cause prices to fall. The price of a product will either encourage producers to supply more or less, the higher the price the higher their profit and the more they are going to want to supply. For example should consumers decide that they want more of a good (of if producers decide to cut back supply), demand will exceed supply. The resulting shortage will cause the price of the good to rise. This will act as an incentive to producers to supply more and will discourage consumers from buying so much. Price will continue to rise until the shortage has thereby been eliminated. The exact opposite is true if consumers decide that they want less of a good. Price will continue falling until the surplus had been eliminated. The same analysis can be applied to factor markets. If the demand for a particular type of labour exceeded its supply, the resulting shortage would drive up the wage rate, thus reducing firm's demand for that type of labour and encouraging more workers to take up that type of job. Wages would continue rising until demand equalled supply or until the shortage was eliminated. The result of this is that, in theory, the allocation of all resources happens without the need of government intervention and only through the price mechanism. Free Market Economy The price mechanism can only function within a free market economy.

Challenges for Building Stable Democracies Essay -- Essays Papers

Challenges for Building Stable Democracies It has been stated that the Bush administration’s goal is to have America spread democracy around the world. This may sound radical, but it is really just what our foreign policy has been for the past 60 or so years. The only difference is that now there is no evil communist empire, the USSR has fallen. America has a new ideological enemy the theocracies and oppressive regimes around the world especially Africa and the Middle East, the places that breed terrorists. The Bush administration and most people feel that the best way to stop Terrorism is to wipe out its source. However, in building democracies in the Middle East and other parts in the world there are some extreme difficulties in the process. The first step to building any strong democracy in a country with an autocratic regime is to topple that old regime. This can often be very difficult, because these autocratic regimes usually have quite a strong military and police force to oppose your attempted regime change. America really has little problems with this, because our army is the most powerful in the world. Despite our ease at defeating most armies it we cannot overlook this step in the process of building democracies. The next step is occupying the country; this can often take even more troops then the invasion. This is because often after a state is defeated there are still rebel guerilla groups that can cause a bit of a problem. There is also the fact that it takes a long time to rebuild a country. The two countries we have successfully rebuilt as democracies, Japan and Germany, had no guerillas and it took us five years of occupation to get them where they needed to be. Any invasion force has to have ... ...aucratic gridlock that results in extreme inefficiency. Despite these challenges the United States and others have a good chance to spread Democracy, but it will not be easy. To make America’s current plan work we need to be dedicated to this goal, be willing to deal with hardships, have the compassion to get these people out from under oppressive regimes, and to not pull out of the states at the first sign of trouble. Works Cited 1. David Ingersoll, Richard Matthews, and Andrew Davison, â€Å"Theopolitics and Islamism,† in The Philosophic Roots of Modern Ideology, third edition (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001) 2. Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, found on http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince00.htm, Ch. 19 3. Sheri Berman, â€Å"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic,† World Politic 49 (April 1997)

Ozone Depletion Essay

The Ozone layer is located in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. It acts as a barrier and absorbs majority of UV radiation before it hits Earth’s surface. Ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms that are naturally occurring molecules. The depletion of the ozone has become a worldwide issue and is caused by the release of CFCs into the atmosphere. CFCs release chlorine atoms which break down ozone molecules. The depletion of the ozone layer threatens to leave life on Earth unprotected from UV radiation. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms. CFCs can be found in spray cans, in the plastics industry and in refrigerants. When UV rays in the upper atmosphere hit CFC molecules, a carbon-chlorine bond breaks leaving a single chlorine atom. This chlorine atom reacts with the ozone molecule causing it to breakdown. The breakdown of ozone leaves an ordinary oxygen molecule (O2) as well as a chlorine monoxide molecule. Because UV radiation breaks oxygen molecules into single oxygen atoms, the single oxygen atom then breaks up the chlorine monoxide. With the chlorine atom left by itself, it is then able to repeat the process of breaking down more ozone molecules. However, the depletion of the ozone is not only caused by CFCs. Halons, CH3CCI, CCI4, HCFCs, hydrobromofluorocarbons and methyl bromide are all linked with ozone depletion leaving life on earth vulnerable to the effects from exposure to UV radiation. With the depletion of the ozone, UV radiation becomes more accessible to life on Earth and effects from this radiation follow. Since ozone filters UV radiation, with ozone depletion comes higher levels of UV radiation hitting the surface of the Earth. The increase in ultra-violet rays consequently mean higher risk of skin cancers and cataracts in humans and animals. Higher levels of this radiation also damages materials such as plastics, harm certain crops as well as marine animals. Extra UV radiation deters the natural reproductive cycle of phytoplankton (a single celled organism at the bottom of the food chain) Scientists fear that the population of other species will decrease with the loss of phytoplankton. Since the depletion of the ozone layer, researchers have recognised obvious deviations in the reproductive rates of fish, shrimp and crabs as well as frogs and salamanders. These changes in organism’s reproductive rates and higher risks of skin cancer and cataracts can all be linked to the depletion of the ozone layer. Since CFCs have been released into the atmosphere, Earth’s naturally occurring ozone layer has been depleting. The ozone layer above the Antarctic has been majorly affected by CFC pollution since the mid 1980’s. However, CFCs were banned in 1987 to prevent further damage to the ozone layer. Results of ozone depletion can be dramatically seen throughout the southern spring and summer when the sun shines for longer periods at a time. Due to chlorine reacting with the Ultra-violet rays, ozone is destroyed on a scale of up to 65% during these months. Even though CFCs were banned in the 1980’s scientists estimate it will take another 50 years for chlorine levels to return to their natural levels. With CFCs being emitted into the atmosphere, the breakdown of ozone has resulted. Without the ozone filtering UV rays, higher levels of radiation are able to hit the Earth’s surface leading to higher rates in skin cancer and cataracts. Ozone depletion has also been linked with the obstruction of organisms natural reproductive cycles. Although they were banned in the late 1980’s, CFCs will continue to be present in the atmosphere for many more years causing ozone depletion to remain a worldwide issue.

Middlemarch Comment Essay

George Elliot wrote Middlemarch in the year 1871. Middlemarch is the town where the novel takes place. George Elliot’s incentive for having started writing was to create a new, different kind of writing which distanced itself to the melodramatic novels which female authors were writing at the time. Middlemarch is a novel about a character called Dorothea, who is an inhabitant of the town and stands out for her striking beauty and surrealistic views on life. The author first described Dorothea’s character and then conveyed her attitude towards Dorothea through the use of literary techniques. She used the town of Middlemarch as the background of the plot to help portray Dorothea’s life path. Dorothea (otherwise known as Miss Brooke) is immediately portrayed as the main character that had striking beauty, which was â€Å"thrown into relief by a poor dress.† Her figure was very feminine; from her hands, wrists, to her stature and profile create a delicate feminine figure. This property she has separates her from the average towns person. Dorothea is an exceptional woman: she is smart, pious, and beautiful, and the governing principle of her character is her desire to help the needy. She is also quite intelligent. However, despite all of Dorothea’s good properties she is always viewed in comparison with her sister Celia. Celia’s wit and â€Å"common sense† seemed more normal than Dorothea’s. Hence people were often suspicious of Dorothea. This is also due to the fact that Dorothea’s strong willed personality leads her to diverge from the common ideas of marriage that others have tried to inflict on her, such as marrying an older man. Dorothea is clearly an independent woman that seeks a man with strong values. She does not want a marriage with â€Å"good looks, vanity, and merely canine affection.† What Dorothea wants is a marriage with substance and love. Dorothea is always trying to help others in her town and wherever she goes. Her presence is described as her big brown eyes in comparison with her simpler sister. George Eliot’s perception in the novel is conveyed from the point of view of a woman writing about a woman. George Eliot clearly prefers the character of Dorothea describing her as a much more beautiful, intelligent and all round good person in the book as opposed to her sister. He uses compound sentences within the structure to convey this. Eliot doesn’t fail to use this technique to portray the elaborate Dorothea. The author highlights Dorothea’s unwillingness to compromise with the world through humor, and in doing so reveals Dorothea’s naivety. This can be understood when Eliot writes â€Å"riding was an indulgence which she allowed herself in spite of conscientious qualms,† Which was started to stress Dorothea’s unconventional methods and attitude to a simpler minded individual. Even though Dorothea is the main character in the novel, Eliot seems to be very interested in her fate whilst she makes fun of her character and the rest of the world. It seems as if Eliot is also trying to persuade the readers of the book to be fond of Dorothea. This turns out to be successful, even though she is a dull character, Dorothea compensates for her lack in ingenuity thanks to her fellow residents of Middlemarch and her ability to overlook the ordinary and her authenticity, when she is her greatest enemy. This gives readers a positive reflective view of Dorothea’s character. Middlemarch is a small town that has been chosen for the main setting of the novel (hence the title). Middlemarch is a fairly typical story, which consists of a character in a small town that creates a plot out of a young woman’s life, and not following a character around throughout the book. Middlemarch is a small town, which is strikingly similar to the town where Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen takes place. The two novels have similar properties as well, in terms of marriage. In the end it seems that Middlemarch took points and values out of the novel Pride and Prejudice as it was written afterwards. Due to the kinds of mentality these small towns in the 19th century hold in novels, we can see that Dorothea will most likely choose the wrong husband. However, the realization of her mistake in marring the man she chose would allow her to mature and become more sensible, and with her new point of view she will be able to lead her life in a more mature manner. In conclusion, we can see that George Eliot’s main focus in the novel Middlemarch is to portray women in context of a rural society, and their views on marriage. She uses marriage to show woman’s position in society during that century in such a small rural town. Dorothea is a exceptionally beautiful woman which has â€Å"childlike ideas about marriage† and is the main focus of the story which contrasts from her sister. This also shows what would happen when a woman in that century had different views on a topic such as marriage. This passage from Middlemarch, which was previously compared to Pride and Prejudice, confronts the way society reacts towards Dorothea and portrays the themes of marriage and feminism, in both cases from a female point of view